不同盐度和驯养时间中华鲟子二代幼鱼鳃的显微结构变化

采用光学显微镜和组织切片方法,研究了不同盐度和驯养时间中华鲟幼鱼鳃及鳃中泌氯细胞的结构变化特征。试验用鱼为1+龄中华鲟子二代,平均全长50.7 cm,平均体重约441.9 g。试验前在养殖池中暂养1周。试验设2个盐度梯度(10、15)组和1个对照组(淡水)。盐度驯养为将中华鲟子二代从暂养池转入盐度10海水中驯养,分别取驯养1、3、6、9、12、24、48、72、96、120、144、168、192、216、240和264 h的幼鱼各1尾用于试验;将剩下的鱼再转入盐度15海水中驯养,分别取驯养24、48、72 h的幼鱼各1尾用于试验。结果显示,在淡水组中,中华鲟子二代幼鱼鳃丝发达,细胞饱满,鳃小片宽且长。鳃丝上皮的泌氯细胞数量较少,通常靠近鳃小片基部,呈近椭圆状。与淡水组相比,盐度10组的幼鱼鳃丝主干部明显变窄,鳃小片基部区域及鳃小片上泌氯细胞的数量略有增加,胞体变大,且随驯养时间的延长,出现了明显的细胞膜间隙。幼鱼在盐度15组中鳃丝主干明显变窄变短,鳃小片也显著缩短,鳃泌氯细胞数量显著增加,主要分布在鳃小片基部,有明显的分泌腔。中华鲟子二代幼鱼能够快速适应外界水体盐度的变化,这与鳃及鳃上皮中调节渗透压功能细胞的数量和结构变化相适应。     

Effects of Chronic Aluminum Exposure on Swimming and Cardiac Performance in Rainbow Trout, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>

Rainbow trout were exposed to 0–80 μg l⁻¹ aluminum (Al) at pH 5.2 in synthetic soft water, for up to 8 weeks. Trout were submitted to an incremental swimming test to quantify their aerobic swimming capacity (U_crit). After a simple, non-invasive cardiac surgery to install Doppler flow probes, their heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume were measured while swimming at increasing water velocities. Fish exposed to Al accumulated significant amounts of Al at the gills (0–80 μg g⁻¹) and in their liver (5–60 μg g⁻¹) and had decreases in swimming capacity, ranging from 11 to 21%. Analysis of cardiac parameters during swimming revealed that increases in heart rate were used in trout exposed to the highest concentrations of Al to increase cardiac output, whereas control fish tended to increase cardiac output through increases in stroke volume.     

饥饿对漠斑牙鲆前期仔鱼生长发育的影响

研究了饥饿对漠斑牙鲆前期仔鱼生长发育的影响,并计算了仔鱼的饥饿不可逆点。结果表明,仔鱼3日龄开口,卵黄于5日龄消耗完毕,油球于6日龄消耗完毕,混合营养期为3～6日龄,饥饿对仔鱼卵黄和油球的吸收速度影响不显著。摄食仔鱼生长呈线性增加,饥饿仔鱼则在饥饿开始一段时间后呈现负增长的趋势。10日龄饥饿仔鱼出现较为明显的饥饿特征,如胸角凸出,消化道萎缩等。在18～20℃培育水温下,仔鱼饥饿不可逆点出现在7日龄和8日龄之间。     

马氏珠母贝精子的超低温保存

采用光镜和透射电镜方法，研究了不同盐度驯化下施氏鲟幼鱼鳃中泌氯细胞的分布和结构特征。结果显示，在淡水中，施氏鲟幼鱼鳃中的泌氯细胞数量较少，且主要分布在近鳃小片基部，胞体与核均较大而明显，胞内含大量线粒体；泌氯细胞中有网管和囊管，但网管欠发达，囊管分布面积小，细胞表面有顶隐窝。表现为典型的淡水型泌氯细胞（freshwater-type chloride cells）特征。与淡水组相比，盐度10组鳃泌氯细胞的分布和结构变化均不明显，仅数量略有增加，胞体变大。幼鱼在盐度25海水中驯化65d，鳃丝和鳃小片上泌氯细胞数量明显增加，泌氯细胞集中分布在鳃小片基部；超微结构显示，细胞内线粒体数量明显增加，胞质中网管颇为发达，囊管丰富，顶隐窝扩大，表面有微绒毛，表现为α-型（α-subtype）泌氯细胞特征。泌氯细胞具有分泌体内过多Na^＋、Cl-以及调节体液渗透平衡的功能，其数量和结构变化与幼鱼所处的高渗环境相适应。     

Ammonia and urea excretion in the tidepool sculpin (Oligocottus maculosus): sites of excretion,effects of reduced salinity and mechanisms of urea transport

Tidepool sculpins live in a variable environment where water temperature, salinity, gas tensions, and pH can change considerably with the daily tide cycle. Tidepool sculpins are primarily ammoniotelic, with 8–17% of nitrogen wastes excreted as urea. The majority of net ammonia (J^net _amm; 85%) and urea (J^net _urea; 74%) excretion occurred across the gill, with the remainder excreted across the skin, the kidney, and/or gut. Acute (2h) exposure to 50% seawater significantly increased J^net _urea (2.8-fold), but reduced J^net _amm (3.5-fold). In fish exposed to 50% seawater for 1 week, J^net _urea returned to control values, but J^net _amm remained slightly depressed. Unidirectional urea influx (Jⁱⁿ _urea) and efflux (J^out _urea) were measured using¹⁴C-urea to determine if urea was excreted across the gills by simple diffusion or by a carrier-mediated mechanism. Jⁱⁿ _urea increased in a linear manner with increasing urea water levels (0–11 mmol N l^–1), while J^out _urea was independent of external urea concentrations. As well, J^net _urea and J^{out inurea} were not significantly different from one another, indicating the absence of back transport. Urea analogs and transport inhibitors added to the water did not have any consistent effect on unidirectional urea flux. These results demonstrate that ammonia and urea excretion rates and sites of excretion in tidepool sculpins are very similar to those found in other marine and freshwater teleosts. Urea and ammonia may play a role in osmoregulation as excretion rates and tissue levels were influenced by changes in water salinity. Finally, we found no evidence for a specific urea carrier; branchial urea excretion is likely dependent on simple diffusion.     

The effects of temperature on the uptake and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in isolated gill cells of the gulf toadfish,Opsanus beta

The effects of acclimation temperature and acute temperature change on the uptake and metabolism of the procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) by gill cells of the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, were examined. BaP was rapidly accumulated by isolated gill cells and uptake rates were directly proportional to BaP concentration in the medium (1 to 100 μg/ml). Uptake rates were higher in cells isolated from fish acclimated to 18°C when compared to cells from 28°C acclimated fish at all incubation temperatures. When cells were exposed to BaP at the respective acclimation temperatures of the fish, uptake rates were similar (0.14 ± 0.01 at 18°C and 0.12 ± 0.01 μg BaP/s/10 mg cells at 28°C). This finding is discussed in view of results which showed a partial compensation of membrane fluidity in plasma membranes isolated from fish from the two acclimation temperatures. At higher incubation temperatures, cells from fish acclimated to 18°C metabolized BaP at a greater rate than those at 28°C (49.6 ± 1.92 and 43.0 ± 2.24 μg/g/8h, respectively, at 23°C). Low but detectable activities of common biotransformation enzymes (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, glutathione-S-transferase) and cytochrome P-450 content were found, however, no significant differences were evident between cells from fish acclimated to different temperatures. To whom to address correspondence     

Lipid composition and microsomal ATPase activities in gills and kidneys of warm- and cold-acclimated sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

The response to cold of gill and kidney membrane lipid composition and microsomal (Na⁺+K⁺)-ATPase, Na⁺-ATPase and Mg²⁺-ATPase activities in reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) was investigated. Fish acclimation was carried out according to the seasonal cycle from August to March. No cold-promoted increase in fatty acid unsaturation was shown in gill and kidney polar lipids and in total lipids of mitochondria and microsomes. In both tissues the (Na⁺+K⁺)-ATPase exhibited positive compensation for cold acclimation whereas the Na⁺-ATPase displayed negative compensation. The Mg²⁺-ATPase showed no compensation in the gills and positive compensation in the kidneys. During cold acclimation the break in the Arrhenius plot of the (Na⁺+K⁺)-ATPase decreased, whereas breaks of both the Na⁺-ATPase and the Mg²⁺-ATPase activities remained unchanged. The results indicate that the sea bass does not adopt membrane unsaturation as a cold-facing strategy. The cold-promoted enhancement of (Na⁺+K⁺)-ATPase activity in osmoregulatory tissues may be advantageous to maintain efficient osmoregulation under thermodynamically unfavourable conditions.     

养殖河蟹“抖抖病”的病原检验与病理学初步研究

对采自中华绒螯蟹养殖主产区的患“抖肢”症病蟹的病理、病原和流行病学研究表明,病蟹的肝胰腺组织脂肪变性、水样变性至空泡化,乃至组织坏死,并有大量颗粒细胞浸润;鳃组织坏死、水肿,棒状化。临床表现为肝性水肿、肝脓肿与糜烂症状;鳃颜色异常,鳃丝溃烂;胸肢抽搐、颤抖与痉挛。流行病调查结果表明,疾病发生与养殖密度、管理强度成正相关,而与养殖品种、水源和地域无关。该病可基本排除细菌、寄生虫等病原生物的致病性。     

3种不同栖息环境下蟹鳃的超微结构、脂类组成及含量的比较

为了探讨三疣梭子蟹、无齿相手蟹和中华绒螯蟹的鳃与其所处生境的关系,分别采用电镜和生化手段观察比较了3种蟹鳃丝的超微结构,并分析了其总脂和脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明,3种蟹鳃丝均具有相似的超微结构,而其鳃中线粒体个数和微绒毛结构差异显著。中华绒螯蟹前鳃的线粒体个数显著高于其他两者(P＜0.05),后鳃中三疣梭子蟹的线粒体个数显著低于其它两者(P＜0.05);三疣梭子蟹鳃的微绒毛较其余两者稀疏。3种蟹总脂及脂肪酸含量存在一定差异性,其中三疣梭子蟹中甘油三酯(TG)含量最高,前鳃中TG含量高出其余两种蟹3倍以上(P＜0.05);无齿相手蟹的胆固醇(Cho)含量显著高于其余两者(P＜0.05);磷脂(PL)在3种蟹鳃中的含量均无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。花生四烯酸(ARA)和高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)在无齿相手蟹鳃中的含量显著高于其他两者(P＜0.05)。实验结果表明,3种蟹鳃丝超微结构和脂类含量的差异与其生活的环境密切相关,这更利于其生理功能的正常发挥和对环境的适应。